Associations, Authorities, Organizations, & Publications….
CABI – “Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International is an international not-for-profit organization that improves people’s lives worldwide by providing information and applying scientific expertise to solve problems in agriculture and the environment. Our approach involves putting information, skills and tools into people’s hands. CABI’s 48 member countries guide and influence our work which is delivered by scientific staff based in our global network of centres.”
CAN – Comunidad Andina (see also EPPO): “The Andean Community (Spanish: Comunidad Andina, CAN) is a customs union comprising the South American countries of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. The trade bloc was called the Andean Pact until 1996 and came into existence when the Cartagena Agreement was signed in 1969. Its headquarters are in Lima, Peru.” (Wikipedia, 2018)
CANBR – “Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research. Established 22 November 1993, prior to October 2010 it was known at the ‘Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research’… The Centre’s major function is to document the biological diversity of the Australian environment through establishing the taxonomic identity and relationships of native plants, their geographical distribution, and their ecological relationships. These studies primarily concentrate on significant national plant groups such as eucalypts, orchids, grasses, grevilleas, mosses, rainforest laurels and the citrus family. The Centre has developed computer-based interactive systems for identifying rainforest trees and eucalypts.”
CANGC – “The California Association of Nurseries and Garden Centers is a trade organization that was founded in 1911 to promote and protect the California nursery industry.”
CAST – The Council for Agricultural Science and Technology is a nonprofit organization composed of scientific societies and many individual, student, company, nonprofit, and associate society members. CAST’s Board is composed of representatives of the scientific societies, commercial companies, and nonprofit or trade organizations, and a Board of Directors. CAST was established in 1972 as a result of a 1970 meeting sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council.
CaPR – “California Plant Rescue, or CaPR, is a collaborative of not-for-profit botanical institutions working under the auspices of the Center for Plant Conservation to conserve the wild species of California and the California Floristic Province, primarily through field work and long-term seed bank collections.”
CAT – “Catastrophic crop insurance — A component of the federal crop insurance program, originally authorized by the Federal Crop Insurance Reform Act of 1994 (P .L. 103- 354). CAT coverage compensates farmers for crop yield losses exceeding 50% of their average historical yield at a payment rate of 55% of the projected season average market price. CAT coverage requires that a farmer realize a yield loss of more than 50% and only makes payments on losses exceeding the 50% threshold. Producers pay no premium for CAT coverage, but except for cases of financial hardship must pay an administrative fee of $100 per crop. A producer has the ability to purchase additional insurance coverage (or buy-up coverage) beyond CAT coverage, but must pay a premium, partially subsidized by the government.” (Womach, 2005)
CATIE – (Costa Rica) Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza: “The Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center (CATIE) is a regional center dedicated to research and graduate education in agriculture, and the management, conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. Its members include Belize, Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Venezuela, the Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA) and the State of Acre in Brazil.
CBR – Certificate of Botanical Recognition, American Orchid Society. “Awarded to rare and unusual species with educational interest that has received no previous awards. The entire plant must be exhibited. This award is granted provisionally and filed with the judging center Chair pending taxonomic verification supplied by the exhibitor. (see Taxonomic Authorities)”
CBS – “The California Botanical Society was founded by Willis Linn Jepson in 1913 and serves a major role in advancing Western American botany.” CBS publishes the journal Madroño.
CBU – Crop Biotech Update: “A weekly summary of world developments in agri-biotech for developing countries, produced by the Global Knowledge Center on Crop Biotechnology, International Service for the Acquisition of Agro-Biotech Applications SEAsia Center (ISAAA)”
CCC – “Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) — A wholly owned government corporation created in 1933 to stabilize, support, and protect farm income and prices (federally chartered by the CCC Charter Act of 1948 (P.L. 80-806)). The CCC, which has no staff, is essentially a financing institution for USDA ’ s farm price and income support commodity programs, and agricultural export subsidies. It is authorized to buy, sell, lend, make payments and engage in other activities for the purpose of increasing production, stabilizing prices, assuring adequate supplies, and facilitating the efficient marketing of agricultural commodities. The 1996 farm bill (P.L. 104-127) expanded the CCC mandate to include funding for several conservation programs (including the Conservation Reserve Program) and made conservation one of the purposes of the CCC. The programs funded through CCC are administered by employees of the Farm Service Agency. The CCC has the authority to borrow up to $30 billion from the U.S. Treasury to carry out its obligations. Net losses from its operations subsequently are restored through the congressional appropriations process.” (Womach, 2005).
From the CCC website (2018): “The Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) is a Government-owned and operated entity that was created to stabilize, support, and protect farm income and prices. CCC also helps maintain balanced and adequate supplies of agricultural commodities and aids in their orderly distribution. CCC was incorporated October 17, 1933, under a Delaware charter with a capitalization of $3 million. It was initially managed and operated in close affiliation with the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, which funded its operations. On July 1, 1939, CCC was transferred to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). It was reincorporated on July 1, 1948, as a Federal corporation within USDA by the Commodity Credit Corporation Charter Act (62 Stat.1070; 15 U.S.C. 714). As amended through the Presidential Appointment Efficiency and Streamlining Act of 2011, P.L. 112-166, Enacted August 10, 2012. “
CCE – Certificate of Cultural Excellence, American Orchid Society. “Awarded to the exhibitor of a well-flowered specimen plant of robust health. The plant must have been in the care of the exhibitor at least 12 months immediately prior to the award and must score at least 90 points on a 100-point scale. Plants receiving this award represent the highest level of orchid culture.”
CCM – Certificate of Cultural Merit, American Orchid Society. “Awarded to the exhibitor of a well-flowered specimen plant of robust health. The plant must have been in the care of the exhibitor at least 12 months immediately prior to the award and must score between 80 and 89 points inclusive on a 100-point scale.”
CEPCEB – “The Center for Plant Cell Biology [UC Riverside] addresses significant questions in plant biology on a molecular level to meet such global challenges as improved nutrition, increased crop yield, resistance to pests, sustainable biofuels, and environmental conservation. To accomplish this, the Center engages its world-class researchers, the scientific community, and industry in interdisciplinary research, employing the latest advances in computation biology, engineering, chemical genomics, proteomics, microscopy and bioinformatics.”
CETAF – “CETAF is the Consortium of European Taxonomic Facilities: a European network of Natural Science Museums, Natural History Museums, Botanical Gardens and Biodiversity Research Centres with their associated biological collections and research expertise. We aim to promote training, research and understanding in systematic biology and palaeobiology, and facilitate access to information (collections) and the expertise of its member institutions across Europe. ¶The CETAF network comprises 33 members representing 59 of the largest taxonomic institutions from 21 European countries. Its member institutions include Natural History Museums, Natural Sciences Museums, Botanical Gardens and other research institutions, with their associated collections and research expertise. Our collections comprise an estimated 1.5 billion specimens and represent more than 80% of the world’s described species. The collections themselves contain specimens of animals, plants, fungi, rocks or genetic resources that are used for scientific research and exhibitions. Owing to these collections, CETAF collectively represents an unprecedented resource for scientific research across the globe and its members act as the custodians of our common heritage. CETAF member institutions dedicate themselves to both the preservation of this rich heritage as well as to the promotion of it through scientific research, education and public outreach.”
CF – Certified Florist – See MFA
CFF – Crops for the Future “VISION: To be a world leader producing excellent, innovative research on underutilised crops that is responsive to societal demands. MISSION: To develop solutions that diversify agriculture using underutilised crops. OUR GOALS: To secure a greater role for underutilised crops in global agriculture, especially in developing regions of the world; Through our research, provide trusted knowledge on underutilised crops; With our partners, establish a global research community on underutilised crops; From our outputs, deliver innovative and useful products from underutilised crops; By our actions, develop evidence-based, sustainable applications using underutilised crops for society and environment. Crops For the Future Research Centre (CFFRC) was established in 2011 to provide research support for the global Crops For the Future organisation. CFFRC is a company limited by guarantee and without share capital. Its guarantors are the Government of Malaysia and the University of Nottingham in Malaysia.
In 2014, Crops For the Future and CFFRC combined their resources to form a single global entity – Crops For the Future. CFF now combines its research and development functions on underutilised crops (CFF Research) with FutureCrop, an educational resource for underutilised crops and agricultural biodiversity. Both CFF Research and FutureCrop will increasingly offer consultancy services to interested parties.”(Unclear as to status, connection with University of Nottingham)”
CFFA – “The California Fresh Fruit Association (formerly the California Grape & Tree Fruit League) is a voluntary, nonprofit agricultural trade association that represents California’s fresh fruit industry…., advocating on behalf of its members on legislative and regulatory issues, at state, federal and international levels. The organization actively monitors legislative and regulatory activity on such issues as farm labor, crop protection materials, marketing requirements, environmental resources, trade, packaging, transportation and other issues of importance. ¶The Association is one of the oldest agricultural trade associations in California, with its origins dating back to 1921 with the California Growers and Shippers Protective League and 1936 with the California Grape Growers and Shippers Association. In 1948, together, these organizations merged into the California Grape & Tree Fruit League. From that early time, CGTFL witnessed a great amount of growth, support and loyalty. In 2014, the California Grape & Tree Fruit League formerly became the California Fresh Fruit Association. The organization continues today by representing its members in all aspects of public policy.”
CFS – “Center for Food Safety (CFS) is a national non-profit public interest and environmental advocacy organization working to protect human health and the environment by curbing the use of harmful food production technologies and by promoting organic and other forms of sustainable agriculture. CFS also educates consumers concerning the definition of organic food and products. CFS uses legal actions, groundbreaking scientific and policy reports, books and other educational materials, market pressure and grass roots campaigns through our True Food Network. CFS’s successful legal cases collectively represent a landmark body of case law on food and agricultural issues.”
CFSAN – “Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition — The agency within the Food and Drug Administration responsible for developing and overseeing enforcement of food safety and quality regulations and coordinating FDA and states’ surveillance and compliance programs, among other activities. FDA ’ s roughly 800 field inspectors (located administratively within FDA’s Office of Regulatory Affairs) enforce CFSAN’s food safety regulations at 53,000 processing facilities. Among other activities, this center is engaged in surveillance of imported fruits and vegetables, investigating the risk of Listeria, approving additives to safeguard the nation’s food supply and adopting HACCP rules for manufacturers of fruit juices, seafood and shell eggs – https://www.fda.gov/Food/default.htm. (Womach, 2005)
CFVGA – “The Colorado Fruit and Vegetable Growers Association (CFVGA) is a nonprofit organization that will help improve the business sustainability and profitability of commercial fruit and vegetable growers in Colorado of all sizes, organic and conventional, direct marketing (farmers market, CSA, produce stand, etc.) and wholesale marketing. CFVGA is committed to being the go-to resource for Colorado produce growers in five core areas of focus with partners including Colorado State University, the Colorado Department of Agriculture and the Western Growers. We connect Colorado growers with industry, government, academia and consumers to strengthen and expand Colorado fresh fruit and vegetable production.”
CGIAR – “The Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research is a network of research organizations that are looking to promote and support global food security. With 15 centers around the globe, CGIAR helps to share knowledge and advance research on rural poverty, health and nutrition, and management of natural resources.”
CGTFL – (Archaic) See CFFA…
CHAH – “ The Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria comprises those administratively responsible for the major Australian and New Zealand Herbaria with the aim of promoting all matters of interest to herbaria in Australasia and to increase cooperation and understanding between herbaria.” (see also CANBR)
ChilSPB – “The Chilean Society of Plant Biologists (ChilSPB) is a network of scientists including faculty, researchers and students that promotes activities for the advancement of plant science in Chile. The Society organizes an annual conference in Chile that brings together research groups working on plantbiology.” (GPC website)
CHM – Certificate of Horticultural Merit, American Orchid Society. “Awarded to a well-grown and well-flowered species or natural hybrid with characteristics that contribute to the horticultural aspects of orchidology, such as aesthetic appeal. This award is granted provisionally and filed with the judging center Chair pending taxonomic verification supplied by the exhibitor. (see Taxonomic Authorities)”
ChSPB – “The Chinese Society for Plant Biology (ChSPB), established in October 1963, now has 12 special committees under its umbrella, covering all plant biology fields. Currently, its membership boasts more than 4800, ranging from regional plant physiology societies and professional plant physiology groups throughout major cities and autonomous regions of 28 provinces nationwide.” (GPC website)
CI – Conservation International: “Protecting the nature we all rely on for food, fresh water and livelihoods”
CIARD – “The Coherence in Information for Agricultural Research for Development (CIARD) movement is working to make agricultural research information and knowledge publicly accessible to all.Coherence in Information for Agricultural Research for Development (CIARD) is a global movement working to make agricultural research information publicly available and more accessible. The aim is to enable organisations that create or possess public agricultural knowledge to disseminate it more effectively. The CIARD partners coordinate their efforts, promote common formats for information sharing and exchange, and adopt open information systems approaches. Creating a global network of truly accessible outputs of research and innovation greatly increases the chance that they can be put to use, locally, nationally and globally. CIARD’s Objective is to collaboratively develop common standards, share knowledge, and contribute to effective and coherent institutional approaches in agricultural science and technology information.”
CIEEM – Chartered Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management: “CIEEM is the leading professional membership body representing and supporting ecologists and environmental managers in the UK, Ireland and abroad. Our Vision is of a society which values the natural environment and recognises the contribution of professional ecologists and environmental managers to its conservation. Established in 1991 and receiving our Royal Charter in 2013, we have members drawn from across the employment sectors including local authorities, government agencies, NGOs, environmental consultancy, academia and industry. “
CIFOR – “Center for International Forestry Research: “CIFOR is a non-profit, scientific institution that conducts research on the most pressing challenges of forest and landscape management around the world. Using a global, multidisciplinary approach, we aim to improve human well-being, protect the environment, and increase equity. To do so, we conduct innovative research, develop partners’ capacity, and actively engage in dialogue with all stakeholders to inform policies and practices that affect forests and people… CIFOR’s work is based on three pillars, all of which are essential for achieving our mission:
1 Research for impact
2 Capacity development
3 Outreach and engagement”
CIMMYT – Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center)
CIPA – “The California Interior Plantscape Association is made up of individuals and companies committed to promoting professionalism in our industry.”
CISMA – Cooperative Invasive Species Management Area. See CWMA
CISR – “The Center for Invasive Species Research based on the University of California Riverside Campus provides a forward-looking approach to managing invasions in California by exotic pests and diseases. The long-term goal of the Center for Invasive Species Research is to develop a systematic methodology for dealing with such exotic pests in areas of: (a) risk assessment; (b) early detection and invasion pathway analysis; (c) rapid development of control or eradication measures; (d) improved Integrated Pest Management practices through biological, microbial, genetic, and chemical practices; (e) better understanding of patterns and processes facilitating invasion success and failure, and (f), in the longer term, exploring the possibilities of transgenic biological manipulations to control or eradicate invasive species.”
CITES – “The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora is an international agreement between governments. Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival.”
CoNPS – “Founded in 1976, the Colorado Native Plant Society (CoNPS) is dedicated to furthering the knowledge, appreciation and conservation of native plants and habitats of Colorado through education, stewardship and advocacy. ¶Membership is open to all plant enthusiasts with an interest in our native plants and ecosystems. The Society welcomes beginners as well as experts. ¶The Colorado Native Plant Society educates members and the public about native plants and plant communities through a variety of activities. The Society cooperates with private and public organizations to promote conservation of native plants and the responsible use of native plants for horticulture and restoration.”
CNPS – California Native Plant Society: “Originally formed in 1965 in the east bay region, the California Native Plant Society (CNPS) is a statewide non-profit organization of amateurs and professionals with a common interest in California’s native plants. Our nearly 10,000 members work to promote native plant appreciation, research, education, and conservation through our five statewide programs and 34 regional chapters in California.”
COAP – “Cottonseed Oil Assistance Program — Along with the Sunflower Oil Assistance Program (SOAP), COAP was one of two programs that awarded bonuses to exporters to assist in exports of U.S. vegetable oil to targeted markets. Funds for the programs were authorized to be made available under Section 32 of the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1935 (P.L. 74-320). The provision in the Disaster Assistance Act of 1988 (P.L. 100-387) that authorized the COAP to begin in fiscal year 1989 expired at the end of fiscal year 1995. However, the USDA appropriations act for FY1996 (P.L. 104-37, October 21, 1995) provided authority to operate the program in fiscal year 1996. COAP was not reauthorized by the 1996 farm bill (P.L. 104-127), although export subsidies for cottonseed oil can be financed under the Export Enhancement Program (EEP).” (Womach, 2005)
COOL – “Country-of-origin labeling (COOL) — Federal law has long required most imports, including many food items, to bear labels informing the ultimate purchaser of their country of origin. Meats, produce, and several other raw agricultural products generally were exempt. The 2002 farm bill (P.L. 107-171) contained a requirement that many retail establishments provide, starting on September 30, 2004, country-of-origin information on fresh fruits and vegetables, red meats, seafoods, and peanuts. A subsequent appropriation law (P.L. 108-199) postponed mandatory COOL for these products (except seafoods) until September 30, 2006. At issue are whether consumers are more likely to buy the U.S. alternative if such labeling is more prevalent; the business and government costs of implementation and enforcement; and whether foreign countries might challenge the new law as an illegal trade barrier (although many have their own COOL rules).” (Womach, 2005)
COSAVE – Comité de Sanidad Vegetal (see also EPPO) “The Committee of Plant Health of the Southern Cone (COSAVE), is one of the youngest Regional Plant Protection Organizations, since it was created by agreement between the Governments of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay on March 9, 1989. The mentioned Constitutive Agreement has been ratified by the Parliaments of the five Member Countries, acquiring the force of law, being registered before the Organization of the United Nations and deposited with the Government of Uruguay.”
CPAR – “The Center for Plant Aging Research, based at the Institute for Basic Science in Daegu, South Korea, aims to reveal a detailed picture of the molecular events for understanding plant life history and senescence from the viewpoint of the spatiotemporal dynamics of network modules. As well as providing new insights a fundamental scientific level, work at the Center for Plant Aging Research will contribute to the improvement of plant productivity, with far-reaching impacts on human society.” (GPC website)
CPNPP – “The Vision of the Colorado Plateau Native Plant Program is a Colorado Plateau that supports healthy and resilient native plant communities now and for future generations…. the Colorado Plateau Native Plant Program (CPNPP) is a partnership that includes federal, state, and local agencies; tribal nations, non-governmental conservation organizations; university researchers and curators; commercial plant materials industry (seed and seedling growers and sellers); and seed testing and certification entities.”
CPPC – (Archaic) Caribbean Plant Protection Commission
CRC – “Crop Revenue Coverage — A form of revenue insurance that protects a producer’s revenue for an insurable crop whenever low prices, low yields, or a combination of both causes revenue to fall below a guaranteed level selected by the producer. It differs from other revenue insurance programs by allowing producers to use the higher of the planting price or the market price in determining a target level of revenue.” (Womach, 2005)
CRFG – “California Rare Fruit Growers is a membership of like-minded experimenters and enthusiasts dedicated to: 1. Conducting research on hardiness, propagation, and growing requirements of rare fruits under California conditions; 2. Introducing and distributing new fruits potentially adaptable to California; 3. Selecting superior varieties of established fruits better suited to specific areas and growing conditions; 4. Exchanging seed, cuttings, scion wood, layers, etc., with each other primarily for home utilization and to fulfill the needs of the small farmer or urban hobby grower; 5. Publishing pertinent information regarding the above activities; 6. Adhering to Federal, State and County agricultural regulations.”
CRP – “Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) — A program created in the Food Security Act of 1985 (P.L. 99-198), to retire from production up to 45 million acres of highly erodible and environmentally sensitive farmland. Landowners who sign contracts agree to keep retired lands in approved conserving uses for 10-15 years. In exchange, the landowner receives an annual rental payment, cost-share payments to establish permanent vegetative cover, and technical assistance. The CRP reportedly has reduced erosion by up to 700 million tons per year. The 2002 farm bill extends authorization to enroll land through FY2007 and caps maximum total CRP acreage at 39.2 million acres. The Act adds a new subprogram to enroll up to 1 million acres of wetlands individually smaller than 10 acres and associated buffers. The Act continues to make the program spending mandatory and finances it through the Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC), adding that the CCC should fund technical assistance in support of the program. As of February 2005, more than 262,000 farms had enrolled 34.8 million acres; states with the greatest participation include Texas, Montana, and North Dakota, each with more than 3 million acres.” (Womach, 2005)
CSA – “Community supported agriculture — A form of risk management whereby a farmer supports his (usually small) operation by selling shares in the farm’s annual production. Share-holders pay a certain amount of money at the beginning of the growing season and are entitled to a portion of each week’s harvest until the end of the season. Share-holders are not refunded their money if some or all of the crops fail. Also known as subscription farming.” (Womach, 2005)
CSA – The Cymbidium Society of America was founded in 1946 to stimulate and extend the appreciation of Cymbidiums, Paphiopedilums and other cool-growing orchids… [and] strives to develop, acquire and disseminate information concerning these beautiful and enchanting orchids.”
CSCE – “Coffee, Sugar, and Cocoa Exchange, which merged with the New York Cotton Exchange in 1998, to become the New York Board of Trade.” (Womach, 2005)
CSIRO – “At the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), we shape the future. We do this by using science to solve real issues to unlock a better future for our community, our economy, our planet. We’re Australia’s national science research agency. At CSIRO, we solve the greatest challenges using innovative science and technology.”
CSR – “The Coalition for Sugar Reform is a broad-based group of food and beverage manufacturers, trade associations, environmental advocates, taxpayer watchdog organizations, responsible government advocates, think tanks and other organizations. Our group is led by the National Confectioners Association and the Sweetener Users Association, which count among their membership the hundreds of American companies that use sugar as an ingredient in the products they make. Our Mission: We’re advocating for reform of the U.S. sugar program, because it hurts small, family-owned businesses that are the backbone of our economy and key drivers of growth. The sugar program is a complicated tangle of price supports, market allotments, import quotas, and government-guaranteed loans – and it has been protected by special interest since the great depression!”
CSSA – “The Cactus And Succulent Society Of America (CSSA), Founded In 1929, Is A Worldwide Community Of Avid Gardeners, Hobby And Commercial Horticulturists, Nurserymen, And Professional Scientists Who All Share An Appreciation For Cacti And Other Types Of Succulent Plants.
CSSA – “The Crop Science Society of America (CSSA) is a progressive international scientific society that fosters the mission of plant science for a better world. Based in Madison, WI, and founded in 1956, CSSA is the professional home for 5,000+ members dedicated to advancing the field of crop science.”
CSPB – “The Canadian Society of Plant Biologists (CSPB) (French: Societé Canadienne de Biologie Végétale; SCBV) provides a forum for plant scientists in Canada to meet and discuss not only the latest scientific developments in the field, but also the political, social and financial issues that we all face as we develop our research and/or teaching careers.” (GPC website)
CSSC – “The Crop Science Society of China (CSSC) was established in December 1961 and is currently affiliated to Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS). As an academic society established under the approval of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, CSSC is a legally registered, academic, nationwide non-profit organization that is voluntarily formed by scientists and institutions in the field of crop sciences.” (GPC website)
CT (Assigned) – Crop Trust (nee Global Crop Diversity Trust): “We were founded in 2004 by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO) and Bioversity International on behalf of the CGIAR, and concluded a Headquarters Agreement with the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany in December 2012, transferring our headquarters to Bonn in 2013.”
The Crop Trust provides:Financial support for the key international genebanks that make the diversity of our most important food crops available to all under the International Treaty; Tools and support for the efficient management of genebanks; Coordination between conserving institutions to ensure that all crop diversity is protected, accessible and used; Final backup of crop seeds in the Svalbard Global Seed Vault.”
CTA – “The Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA) is a joint international institution of the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) Group of States and the European Union (EU). Central to achieving our mission is our valued partnerships with ACP national and regional bodies. We also work with a wide network of ACP-EU public and private sector bodies as well as international organisations around the world.
Our mission, vision and core values are at the heart of our organisation. They inspire our people, underpin our decisions and motivate our actions. Our Mission: To advance food security, resilience and inclusive economic growth in Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific through innovations in sustainable agriculture. Our Vision: Smallholder agriculture as a vibrant, modern and sustainable business that creates value for farmers, entrepreneurs, youth and women, and produces affordable, nutritious and healthy food for all.”
CWMA – “Cooperative Weed Management Areas (CWMAs) and Cooperative Invasive Species Management Areas (CISMAs) are variations on a common theme of locally-led collaborations that support healthy ecosystems and the communities they encompass. A CWMA/CISMA is a community-based partnership of federal, state, and local government agencies, private landowners, natural resource managers, non-governmental organizations, and others who agree to cooperatively manage invasive species in a defined area.” (quoted from the NAIPC website)
Description, Structure, Classification, Ecology, Cultivation….
C – in floral formulae, Corolla (see also Co)
Ca – in floral formulae, Calyx (see also K)
ca. – an abbreviation of circa, which means “about” or “approximately” Botanists use “circa” (or will even spell out the letters, c a..) frequently to soften their claims.
cf. – compare to, “confer” – examine in reference to a different taxon
Cl. – in taxonomy, a clone
- – centimeter
Co – in floral formulae, Corolla (see also C)
Comb. nov. – in taxonomy, marking first publication of a new combination (such as assigning a known-species to a different genus)
CSS – Corn Stunt Spiroplasma – A stunting disease caused by the Mollicute Spiroplasma kunkelii, which is vectored by leafhoppers. (Smith, Betrán, Runge, 2005)
cult. – an abbreviation of “cultivated” – referring to plant selections or specimens found in cultivated settings.
cv., cvs. – cultivar, cultivars
cwt. – from Wikipedia, 2018: “The hundredweight (abbreviation: cwt), formerly also known as the centum weight or quintal, is an English, imperial, and US customary unit of weight or mass of various values. Its present value continues to differ between the American and imperial systems. The two values are distinguished in American English as the “short” and “long” hundredweight and in British English as the “cental” and the “imperial hundredweight”. – The short hundredweight or cental of 100 lb (45.359237 kg) is used in the US[1] and Canada. – The long or imperial hundredweight of 8 stone (112 lb or 50.802345 kg) is in informal use in the imperial system[2] but its use for trade in the UK was ended by Schedule 1, Part VI of the Weights and Measures Act 1985.[3] – Under both conventions, there are 20 hundredweight in a ton, producing a “short ton” of 2000 lb and a “long ton” of 2240 lb.”
CZ – the central zone of stem cells in a point meristem
Kew Plant Family Abbreviations:
CAB – Cabombaceae – dicot
CAC – Cactaceae – dicot
CAL – Calycanthaceae – dicot
CAM – Campanulaceae – dicot
CAN – Cannabaceae – dicot
CAN – Cannaceae – monocot
CAS – Casuarinaceae – dicot
CCD – Cycadaceae – gymnosperm
CCH – Cochlospermaceae – dicot
CCH** – Cyclocheilaceae – dicot
CCR – Caryocaraceae – dicot
CDP – Cercidiphyllaceae – dicot
CEC** – Cecropiaceae – dicot
CEL – Celastraceae – dicot
CEN – Centrolepidaceae – monocot
CHB – Chrysobalanaceae – dicot
CHC – Colchicaceae – monocot
CHI – Cheiropleuriaceae – pteridophyte
CHN – Chenopodiaceae – dicot
CHR – Christenseniaceae – pteridophyte
CIC – Cichoriaceae – dicot
CIR – Circaeasteraceae – dicot
CIS – Cistaceae – dicot
CLC – Calyceraceae – dicot
CLE – Clethraceae – dicot
CLE* – Calectasiaceae – monocot
CLL – Callitrichaceae – dicot
CLM – Carlemanniaceae – dicot
CLO – Chloanthaceae – dicot
CLR – Chloranthaceae – dicot
CLT – Celtidaceae – dicot
CLU – Clusiaceae – dicot
CMB – Combretaceae – dicot
CMC – Cleomaceae – dicot
CMM – Commelinaceae – monocot
CMP – Compositae – dicot
CNC – Corynocarpaceae – dicot
CNL – Canellaceae – dicot
CNM – Cynomoriaceae – dicot
CNN – Connaraceae – dicot
CNR – Cneoraceae – dicot
CNT – Canotiaceae – dicot
CNV – Convolvulaceae – dicot
COB – Cobaeaceae – dicot
COD – Coridaceae – dicot
COL – Columelliaceae – dicot
COP – Coptaceae – dicot
COR – Cornaceae – dicot
COS – Corsiaceae – monocot
COT – Costaceae – monocot
CPD – Cypripediaceae – monocot
CPD** – Carpodetaceae – dicot
CPH – Cephalotaceae – dicot
CPN – Carpinaceae – dicot
CPP – Capparaceae – dicot
CPR – Caprifoliaceae – dicot
CPT – Crypteroniaceae – dicot
CRC – Caricaceae – dicot
CRD – Cordiaceae – dicot
CRG – Cryptogrammaceae – pteridophyte
CRL – Corylaceae – monocot
CRM – Croomiaceae – monocot
CRO – Crossosomataceae – dicot
CRP – Cardiopteridaceae – dicot
CRR – Coriariaceae – dicot
CRS – Crassulaceae – dicot
CRT – Cartonemataceae – monocot
CRU – Cruciferae – dicot
CRY – Caryophyllaceae – dicot
CSL – Caesalpiniaceae – dicot
CSS – Cassythaceae – dicot
CTH – Cyatheaceae – pteridophyte
CTL – Ctenolophonaceae – dicot
CTP – Ceratophyllaceae – dicot
CTX – Cephalotaxaceae – gymnosperm
CUC – Cucurbitaceae – dicot
CUL – Culcitaceae – pteridophyte
CUN – Cunoniaceae – dicot
CUP – Cupressaceae – gymnosperm
CUS – Cuscutaceae – dicot
CVL – Convallariaceae – monocot
CYC – Cyclanthaceae – monocot
CYM – Cymodoceaceae – monocot
CYN – Cyanastraceae – monocot
CYP – Cyperaceae – monocot
CYR – Cyrillaceae – dicot
CYT** – Cytinaceae – dicot
Genes, Control, Molecules, & Pathways…
C – element – Carbon
C – 1-letter symbol for the amino acid Cysteine
C3 – reaction
C4 – reaction
Ca – element
CAAT
CACTA – a family of transposons in the grains
CAM
CaM
CAT – reaction – Catalase
CCA – Circadian Clock Regulator
CCT – genes that regulate flowering time in plants. Three families of these genes reported: CONSTANS-like (COL); Pseudo-response regulator (PRR), and CMF, a CCT motif family
CDC/CDC
CDT
Cig – protein
CGMMV – Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus
Cl – element – Chlorine
CLA – Conjugated Linoleic Acid covers a group of 18:2 fatty acids that have two conjugated double bonds, compounds that have provoked interest as nutritionally beneficial.
Co – element – Cobolt
CoA
COLDAIR & COOLAIR RNAs are derived from FLOWERING C, and impact temperature-based flowering. (Singer, 2018)
CONSTANS/CO – “the first cloned CCT gene regulating flowering time in Arabidopsis through the photoperiod pathway. CO is a central player in this photoperiod pathway” (CCT family genes in cereal crops: A current overview, YipuLiMingliangXu, The Crop Journal, 5(6) December 2017, Pages 449-458, open access, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cj.2017.07.001) CONSTANS acts to boost FLORIGEN activity in response to light exposure. (Singer, 2018)
COR – process – Cold Regulated Genes
CRE – receptor – cytokinan receptor
CRISPR – Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats, First identified in 1987 by Japanese Researcher Yoshizumi Ishino, described by Spanish researcher Francisco Mojica in 1993, and named by University of Utrecht Researcher Ruud Jansen in 2002. See many sources for information, including Wikipedia and Broad Institute: https://www.broadinstitute.org/what-broad/areas-focus/project-spotlight/questions-and-answers-about-crispr
CRY – the gene and protein derived from Bt
CTR – protein – Constitutive Triple Response
Cu -element
CYC – CYCLOIDEA genes, related to floral symmetry
Cys – abbreviation for the amino acid Cysteine
C HOPKNS CaFe Mg B Mn SiNiCl CuZn MoNa
Herbaria….
C – University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
CACS – Chicago Academy of Sciences Herbarium, Chicago Illinois
CAG – Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy
CAHS – Crispus Attucks High School Herbarium, Indianapolis, Indiana
CAI, CAIM – Cairo University, Egypt, Cairo
CAL – Central National Herbarium, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
CAMU – Cameron University Herbarium, Lawton, Oklahoma
CAN, CANM – National Herbarium of Canada, Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Ontario
CANB – Australian National Herbarium, Canberra, Australia
CANI – Canisius College Herbarium, Canisius College, Buffalo, New York
CARL – Carleton College Herbarium, Northfield, Minnesota
CART – Carthage College Herbarium, Kenosha, Wisconsin
CAS – California Academy of Sciences Herbarium, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California
CAT – Università di Catania, Catania, Sicily, Italy
CAY – Herbier de Guyane, Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD) Cayenne, French Guiana
CBM – Natural History Museum and Institute, Chiba, Japan
CCNL – Charles B. Graves Herbarium, Connecticut College, New London, Connecticut
CCSU – Orville Bissett Herbarium, Central Connecticut State University, New Britain, Connecticut
CDA – California Department of Food and Agriculture Herbarium, Sacramento, California
CDBI – Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
CFMR – Forest Products Laboratory Herbarium, Madison, Wisconsin
CGE – University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, UK
CHAF – Chaffey College Herbarium, Alta Loma, California
CHARL – Charleston Museum Herbarium, Charleston, South Carolina
CHAS – Southern Research Station Herbarium, Charleston, South Carolina
CHE Société Nationale des Sciences Naturelles et Mathématiques de Cherbourg, Cherbourg, France
CHIC – Nancy Poole Rich Herbarium, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, Illinois
CHR – Landcare Research New Zealand Limited, Allan Herbarium, Lincoln, New Zealand
CHRB – Chrysler Herbarium, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
CHSC – California State University Herbarium, California State University, Chico, California
CI – Carnegie Institution of Washington Herbarium, Stanford, California
CIC – Albertson College of Idaho Herbarium, Caldwell, Idaho
CLEMS – Clemson University Herbarium, Clemson, South Carolina
CLF – Institut des Herbiers Universitaires de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
CLM – Cleveland Museum of Natural History Herbarium, Cleveland, Ohio
CM – Carnegie Museum of Natural History Herbarium, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
CMC – Central Michigan University Herbarium, Mount Pleasant, Michigan
CMML – CSU Center for Environmental Management of Military Lands Herbarium, Fort Collins, Colorado
CNF – Croatian Mycological Society, Zagreb, Croatia
CNS – Australian Tropical Herbarium, Cairns, Queensland, Australia;
COA – Universidad de Córdoba Córdoba Spain
COCO – Colorado College Herbarium, Colorado Springs, Colorado
COI – University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
COL – Herbario Nacional Colombiano, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
COLG – Columbus State University Herbarium, Columbus, Georgia
COLOM – Colorado State Museum Herbarium, Denver, Colorado
CONC – Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
CONV – Converse College Herbarium, Spartanburg, South Carolina
CORD – Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
CORT – State University of New York College at Cortland Herbarium, Cortland, New York
CP – Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen, Denmark
CR – Herbario Nacional, Museo Nacional de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
CRLA – Crater Lake National Park Herbarium, Crater Lake, Oregon
CRMC – College of the Redwoods, Mendocino Coast Campus Herbarium, Fort Bragg, California
CS – Colorado State University Herbarium, Fort Collins, Colorado
CSB – St. John’s University/College of Saint Benedict Herbarium, Collegeville, Minnesota
CSCN – Chadron State College Herbarium, Chadron, Nebraska
CSLA – California State University Herbarium, California State University, Los Angeles, California
CSPU – California State Polytechnic University Herbarium, Pomona, California
CTES – Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste, Corrientes, Argentina
CU – Wiegand Herbarium Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
CUP – Cornell Plant Pathology Herbarium, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
CUS – Cusino Wildlife Research Station Herbarium, Shingleton, Michigan
CUW – Clark University Herbarium, Worcester, Massachusetts
CVCW – Clinch Valley College, University of Virginia Herbarium, Wise, Virginia
CWC – Central Wyoming College Herbarium, Riverton, Wyoming
Link to the Page: https://botanyincontext.com/acronyms-abbreviations-c/